18 Provisions
Restructuring costs and termination benefits | Environ- | Other long-term employee benefits | Other provisions | Total | |
Balance at 1 January 2018 | 39 | 70 | 42 | 53 | 204 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Of which current | 31 | 10 | 3 | 9 | 53 |
Changes in 2018 | |||||
| 33 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 38 |
| (2) | (9) | (3) | (2) | (16) |
| (53) | (4) | (2) | (11) | (70) |
| - | - | - | (3) | (3) |
Total changes | (22) | (12) | (3) | (14) | (51) |
Balance at 31 December 2018 | 17 | 58 | 39 | 39 | 153 |
Of which current | 12 | 10 | 3 | 12 | 37 |
Changes in 2019 | |||||
| 43 | 19 | 4 | 5 | 71 |
| (3) | (13) | - | (3) | (19) |
| (26) | (5) | (3) | (5) | (39) |
| - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Total changes | 14 | 1 | 2 | (2) | 15 |
Balance at 31 December 2019 | 31 | 59 | 41 | 37 | 168 |
Of which current | 21 | 13 | 4 | 10 | 48 |
In cases where the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are measured at the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation. The discount rate used decreased from 1.8% to 1.2%. The balance of provisions measured at present value increased by €0.3 million in 2019 in view of the passage of time (2018: increase of €0.6 million).
The provisions for restructuring costs and termination benefits mainly relate to the costs of redundancy schemes connected to the dismissal of employees and costs of termination of contracts. These provisions have an average life of 1 to 3 years.
The provisions for environmental costs relate to soil clean-up obligations, among other things. These provisions have an average life of around 10 years.
The provisions for other long-term employee benefits mainly relate to length-of-service and end-of-service payments. The average life of this provision is estimated to be between 10 and 12 years.
Several items have been combined under Other provisions, for example demolition costs, onerous contracts and legal risks. These provisions have an average life of 1 to 3 years.
The additions to the provisions for restructuring costs and termination benefits in 2019 mainly relate to the various restructuring projects (same as in 2018).