Net sales and costs

Net sales

 
2018
2017
     
Goods sold
9,091
8,451
Services rendered
164
173
Royalties
12
8
     
Total
9,267
8,632

Fulfillment of the performance obligations of goods is measured using the commercial shipment terms as an indicator for the transfer of control. Fulfillment of the performance obligations for services rendered is identified according to the individual contract. The payment terms are determined per business segment on a customer basis. DSM has neither specific obligations for returns or refunds, nor specific warranties or other related obligations.

Disaggregation of net sales

 
2018
2017
     
Nutrition
   
DSM Nutritional Products:
   
- Animal Nutrition & Health
3,134
2,660
- Human Nutrition & Health
2,019
1,939
- Personal Care & Aroma Ingredients
382
353
- Other
112
86
 
5,647
5,038
DSM Food Specialties
490
541
Total
6,137
5,579
     
Materials
   
DSM Engineering Plastics
1,516
1,448
DSM Dyneema
344
332
DSM Resins & Functional Materials
1,053
1,045
     
Total
2,913
2,825
     
Innovation Center
172
169
     
Corporate Activities
45
59
     
Total
9,267
8,632

Total costs


In 2018, total operating costs amounted to €8.0 billion, €0.2 billion higher than in 2017, when these costs stood at €7.8 billion. Total operating costs in 2018 included Cost of sales amounting to €5.9 billion (2017: €5.7 billion); gross margin as a percentage of net sales stood at 37% (2017: 34%).

Employee benefit costs

 
2018
2017
     
Wages and salaries
1,433
1,452
Social security costs
185
181
Pension costs (see also Note 24)
110
112
Share-based compensation (see also Note 27)
25
23
     
Total
1,753
1,768

Depreciation, amortization and impairments

 
2018
2017
     
Amortization of intangible assets
149
146
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment
320
318
Impairment losses
40
38
     
Total
509
502

Other operating income

 
2018
2017
     
Release of provisions
8
6
Gain on sale of assets and activities
25
20
Insurance benefits
18
4
Amendments/settlements pension plans
11
20
Earn-out payments and other settlements
10
28
Sundry
32
26
     
Total
104
104

Other operating expense

 
2018
2017
     
Additions to provisions
36
87
Exchange differences
7
8
Acquisitions/Disposals
7
3
Earn-out Amyris Brasil
11
-
Sundry
22
14
     
Total
83
112