2018Statements

Financial instruments and risks

Policies on financial risks

General

As an international company, DSM is exposed to financial risks in the normal course of business. A major objective of our group policy is to minimize the impact of market, liquidity and credit risk on the value of the company and its profitability. In order to achieve this, a systematic financial and risk management system has been established.

The financial derivatives contracts used by DSM are entered into exclusively in connection with the corresponding underlying transaction (hedged item) relating to normal operating business, which provides a risk profile directly opposite that of the hedge. The instruments used are customary products found in the market, such as currency swaps, cross-currency interest rate swaps, collars, forward exchange contracts, interest rate swaps, and commodity swaps.

An important element of DSM's financial policy and capital management is the allocation of cash flow. DSM primarily allocates cash flow to investments aimed at strengthening its business positions and securing the dividend payment to its shareholders. The remaining cash flow is further used for acquisitions and partnerships that strengthen DSM's competences and market positions. This is discussed more extensively in Financial and reporting policies of the Report by the Managing Board. The net debt to equity ratio (gearing) is 1.4 (see also Note 25).

Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the financial risk due to uncertain development of liquidity. An entity may not get access to sufficient liquidity if its credit rating falls, when it experiences sudden unexpected cash outflows or an unexpected drop in cash inflows, or some other event causes counterparties to avoid trading with or lending to the institution. A company is also exposed to liquidity risk if financial markets on which it depends are subject to loss of liquidity.

The primary objective of liquidity management is to optimize the corporate cash position, among other things, by securing availability of sufficient liquidity for execution of payments by DSM entities, at the right time and the right place.

At December 2018, DSM had cash and cash equivalents of €1,281 million (2017: €899 million).

At the end of May 2018, DSM replaced two committed credit facilities of €500 million each with one committed credit facility of €1.0 billion, maturing on 29 May 2023. The agreement for the committed credit facility has neither financial covenants nor material adverse changes clauses. The committed credit facility links the interest rate to DSM's Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction. At year-end 2018, no loans had been taken up under the committed credit facility.

Furthermore, DSM has a commercial paper program amounting to €1,500 million (2017: €1,500 million). The company will use the commercial paper program to a total of not more than €1,000 million (2017: €1,000 million).
At 31 December 2018, €0 million had been issued as commercial paper (2017: €0 million). DSM has no derivative contracts to manage currency risk or interest rate risk outstanding under which margin calls by the counterparty would be permitted.

Floating-rate and fixed-rate borrowings and monetary liabilities analyzed by maturity are summarized in the following table. Borrowings excluding credit institutions are shown after taking into account related interest rate derivatives in designated hedging relationships. DSM manages financial liabilities and related derivative contracts on the basis of the remaining contractual maturities of these instruments. The remaining maturities presented in the following table provide an overview of the timing of the cash flows related to these instruments. Financial assets are not linked to financial liabilities in order to meet cash outflows on these liabilities.

The following table reflects the exposure of the financial derivatives to liquidity risk.

The table contains the cash flows from derivatives with positive fair values and from derivatives with negative fair values to have a complete overview of the financial derivatives related cash flows. The amounts are gross and undiscounted.

Market risk

Market risk can be subdivided into interest rate risk, currency risk and price risk.

Interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that adverse movements of interest rates lead to high costs on interest-bearing debt or assets, which negatively impact the company's capability to honor its commitments. DSM's interest rate risk policy is aimed at minimizing the interest rate risks associated with the financing of the company and thus at the same time optimizing the net interest costs. This policy translates into a certain desired profile of fixed-interest and floating-interest positions, including cash and cash equivalents, with the floating-interest position not exceeding 60% of net debt.

At 31 December 2018, there was neither debt carried at a floating interest rate (same as 2017), nor outstanding fixed-floating interest rate swaps (end of 2017 none).

The following analysis of the sensitivity of borrowings, assets and related financial derivatives to interest rate movements assumes an instantaneous 1% change in interest rates for all maturities from their level on 31 December 2018, with all other variables held constant. A 1% reduction in interest rates would result in a €25 million pre-tax loss in the income statement and equity on the basis of the composition of financial instruments on 31 December 2018, as floating-rate borrowings are more than compensated for by floating-rate assets (mainly cash). The opposite applies in the case of a 1% increase in interest rates. The sensitivity of financial instruments on 31 December 2018 to changes in interest rates is set out in the following table:

Currency risk

Currency risk is the risk that adverse movements of foreign currency rates lead to losses on assets or liabilities in currencies, which negatively impacts the results of operations and financial condition of the company. It is DSM's policy to hedge 100% of the currency risks resulting from sales and purchases at the moment of recognition of the receivables and payables. This is realized by transferring at spot rates the respective exposures to the group, which are, consequently (on a netted basis), hedged externally. In addition, operating companies may — under strict conditions — opt for hedging currency risks from firm commitments and forecasted transactions. The currencies giving rise to these risks are primarily USD, CHF, GBP and JPY. The risks arising from currency exposures are regularly reviewed and hedged when appropriate. DSM uses average-rate currency forward contracts, currency forward contracts, spot contracts, and average-rate currency options to hedge the exposure to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. At year-end, these instruments had remaining maturities of less than one year. For the hedging of currency risks from firm commitments and forecasted transaction cash flows, hedge accounting is applied. Hedge accounting is not applied for hedges of recognized trade receivables and trade payables hedged with short-term derivatives.

To hedge intercompany loans, receivables and payables denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the subsidiaries, DSM uses currency swaps or forward contracts.

The following analysis of the sensitivity of net borrowings and derivative financial instruments to currency movements against the euro assumes a 10% change in all foreign currency rates against the euro from their level on 31 December, with all other variables held constant. A +10% change indicates a strengthening of the foreign currencies against the euro. A -10% change represents a weakening of the foreign currencies against the euro.

Sensitivity changes on these positions will generally be recognized in profit or loss or in the translation reserve in equity, with the exception of the instruments for which cash flow hedge accounting or net-investment hedge accounting is applied.

In case of a strengthening or weakening of the euro against USD, CHF and CNY (being the key currencies) would affect the translation of financial instruments denominated in these currencies, assuming all other variables being constant.

Price risk

Financial instruments that are subject to changes in stock exchange prices or indexes are subject to a price risk. At year-end 2018, price risks related to investments in securities were limited.

Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk that a (commercial or financial) counterparty may not be able to honor a financial commitment vis-à-vis DSM. The company manages the credit risk to which it is exposed by applying credit limits per institution and by dealing exclusively with institutions that have a high credit rating.

At the balance sheet date, there were no significant concentrations of credit risks other than some financing relationships with associates and joint ventures (see Note 10).

The expected credit loss (ECL) related to each of these financing relationships is based on the allocation of a credit risk grade which is based on data that is determined to be predictive of the risk of loss (including but not limited to external ratings, audited financial statements, management accounts and cash flow projections and available press information about customers) and applying experienced credit judgement. Credit risk grades are defined using qualitative and quantitative factors that are indicative of the risk of default and are aligned to external credit rating definitions from Moody's.

The loss allowance that has been taken into consideration at the start and the end of 2018 was below €1 million.

With regard to treasury activities (for example cash, cash equivalents and financial derivatives held with banks or financial institutions) it is ensured that financial transactions are only concluded with counterparties that have at least a Moody's credit rating of A3 for long-term instruments. At business group level, outstanding receivables are continuously monitored by management. Appropriate allowances are made for any credit risks that have been identified in line with the expected credit loss policy. It is therefore unlikely that significant losses will arise in relation to receivables that have not been provided for.

In line with IFRS 9 standard 'Financial Instruments', the estimation of the value adjustment for doubtful accounts receivable is now based on an Expected credit loss (ECL) model. This change has not led to material changes upon transition. DSM uses an allowance matrix to measure the ECL for trade receivables. The loss rates depend on the specified aging categories and are based on historical write-off percentages. The applied loss rates are calculated separately for exposures in different business segments as these could vary based on the type of customers, type of sales, and the historical write-off date.

The table below provides information about the credit risk exposure per aging category and the ECL for trade receivables of €1,395 million at 31 December 2018, see Note 13 Current receivables.

The changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts receivable are as follows:

The maximum exposure to credit risk is represented by the carrying amounts of financial assets that are recognized in the balance sheet, including derivative financial instruments. DSM has International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) agreements in place with its financial counterparties that allow for the netting of exposures in case of a default of either party. No significant agreements or financial instruments were available at the reporting date that would reduce the maximum exposure to credit risk.

Information about financial assets is presented in Note 10 Associates and joint arrangements, Note 11 Other financial assets, Note 13 Current receivables, Note 14 Current investments, Note 15 Cash and cash equivalents and Note 23 Financial instruments and risks. Information about material impairments is presented in Note 2 Alternative performance measures.

DSM's policy is to grant corporate guarantees for credit support of subsidiaries and associates, to get access to credit facilities which are necessary for their operating working capital needs and which cannot be funded by the corporate cash pools and/or for bank guarantees needed for local governmental requirements. Information on guarantees is presented in Note 22 'Contingent liabilities and other financial obligations'.

Hedge accounting

DSM uses derivative financial instruments to manage financial risks relating to business operations and does not enter into speculative derivative positions. The purpose of cash flow hedges is to minimize the risk of volatility of future cash flows. These may result from a recognized asset or liability or a forecast transaction that is considered highly probable (firm commitment). The hedge ratio is dependent on the risk analysis related to the specific cash flow, and can vary from 50 to 100%. Changes in fair value are recognized in Other comprehensive income (Hedging reserve), and material ineffectiveness (mainly as a result of changes in timing of the hedged transactions) will be recognized in the income statement. As soon as the forecast transaction is realized (the underlying hedged item materializes), the amount recognized in the Other comprehensive income will be reclassified to the income statement. In case the hedged future transaction is a non-financial asset or liability, the gain or loss recognized in Other comprehensive income will be included in the cost of acquisition of the asset or liability.

The purpose of a hedge of a net investment is to reduce the foreign currency risk of an investment in a company whose functional currency is not the euro. Changes in fair value are recognized in Other comprehensive income (Translation reserve), and material ineffectiveness will be recognized in the income statement. The amount recognized in the Other comprehensive income will be reclassified to the income statement, upon divestment of the respective foreign subsidiary.

The purpose of a fair value hedge is to hedge the fair value of assets or liabilities reflected on the balance sheet. Changes of fair value in hedging instruments, as well as hedged items, will be recognized in the income statement.

Cash flow hedges

In 2018, DSM hedged USD 654 million (2017: USD 570 million) of its 2019 projected net cash flow in USD against the EUR by means of average-rate currency forward contracts at an average exchange rate of USD 1.22 per EUR for the four quarters of 2019. Each quarter, the relevant hedges for that quarter will be settled and recognized in the income statement. In 2018, DSM also hedged JPY 6,550 million (2017: JPY 5,550 million) of its 2019 projected net cash flow in JPY against the EUR by means of average-rate currency forward contracts at an average exchange rate of JPY 130 per EUR for the four quarters of 2019. DSM also hedged the projected CHF obligations against the EUR, namely CHF 262 million at an average exchange rate of CHF 1.15 per EUR. DSM discontinued the hedge of projected GBP cash obligations against CHF. These hedges have fixed the exchange rate for part of the USD and JPY receipts and CHF payments in 2019. Cash flow hedge accounting is applied for these hedges. As a result of similar hedges concluded in 2017 for the year 2018, €1 million positive (2017: €10 million negative) was recognized in the 2018 operating profit of the segments involved in accordance with the realization of the expected cash flows. There was no material ineffectiveness in relation to these hedges.

Net investment hedges

The partial hedging of the currency risk associated with the translation of DSM's CHF-denominated investments was continued for an amount of €474 million (2017: CHF 204 million). There was no material ineffectiveness in relation to these hedges.

Fair value hedges

There were no fair value hedges.

Fair value of financial instruments

The following methods and assumptions were used to determine the fair value of financial instruments: cash, current investments, current receivables, current borrowings (excluding current portion of long-term instruments) and other current liabilities are stated at carrying amount, which approximates fair value in view of the short maturity of these instruments. The fair value of financial derivatives and long-term instruments are based on calculations, quoted market prices or quotes obtained from intermediaries.

The portfolio of derivatives consists of average-rate forward contracts that are valued against average foreign exchange forward rates obtained from Bloomberg and other derivatives that are valued using a discounted cash flow model, applicable market yield curves and foreign exchange spot rates. Inputs for the fair value calculations represent observable market data that are obtained from external sources that are deemed to be independent and reliable.

DSM uses the following hierarchy for determining the fair value of financial instruments:

• Level 1: quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
• Level 2: other techniques for which all inputs that have a significant effect on the fair value are observable, either directly or indirectly
• Level 3: techniques that use inputs that have a significant effect on the fair value that are not based on observable market data

The following table shows the carrying amounts and fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities, including their levels in the fair value hierarchy.

During the year there were no transfers between individual levels of the fair value hierarchy.

Notional value of derivative financial instruments

For interest rate swaps, the notional value is the principal on which the swap agreement is based. For cross-currency interest rate swaps, forward exchange contracts, currency options and currency swaps, the notional value is the hedged foreign exchange amount converted into euros. The notional value of the commodity derivatives is the hedged procurement cost translated into euros.